AI in Assisting the Elderly and People with Disabilities

The focus of this research is to magnify those technologies that have been developed and that need more modification in their make. We will disclose some machines that have a great impact on the lives elderly and people with disabilities. As we know that artificial intelligence has advanced our life and now we can take advantage of it by using machines though that is related to defense or related to our daily life goods buying robots. These machines are not very common to everybody but we need to do it as these assist more than a human being to elder or disable persons. We also need to invest in these kinds of projects that can be fruitful to human beings. As it is clear that there is no sufficient human resources exist that can assist the elderly and people with disabilities. So ICTs are expected to play its part in assisting those people. In this age, 3D printers making better and better prosthetic for those in need. In the future we will reach a level that will make regular body parts inferior and before we know it the cyborg age will be upon us by this 3D technology. Also in the labs around the world bioengineering have begun to print prototype body parts like ears, noses, artificial bones and skin, even an entire face

Medical & Dental Students' Perceptions of Health and Well-Being

Objective: As a way to examine how medical & dental students adhere to different dimensions of well-being within the framework of physical, emotional and spiritual well-being, Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study of Riphah International University's 300 medical & dental students from each gender was done from January to December 2010. Predictive Analysis Software (PASW) version 18 assessed the replies ranging from "no," "sometimes," "usually," and "yes/always" (numbered 0-4). Results: The study population consisted of 287 out of the 300 questionnaires, or 95.7% of the total. A total of 103 men (35.89 percent) and 184 women (64.11 percent) participated in the poll. P values of 0.0159 and 0.0240 show that illness and athletic participation have an effect on physical well-being based on gender. Mood swings and family friends had p values of 0.0059 and 0.00, respectively, in relation to emotional well-being. P values of 0.0024 and 0.0116 show that prayer and spiritual fasting have an effect on spiritual well-being. It is clear that spiritual wellbeing is distinct from emotional and bodily wellness, as shown by Tukey's simultaneous comparison t-values (d.f. = 858). Conclusion: As part of their basic curriculum, medical students should be taught stress and time management methods in order to better handle the stress and demands of practicing medicine. Colleges and institutions need to increase and enhance their research on gender bias in health and wellness. &nbsp

Bacteriological Spectrum of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection and Its Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Pattern

Introduction: - Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common infection in children. It has high morbidity and long term sequelae. Objective: To determine the frequency of bacteriological organism of Pediatric UTI and its drug sensitivity and resistance pattern and to improve the treatment of UTI according to culture sensitivity, hence to minimize the resistance pattern and disease burden. Material and methods: It was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted during 2018 over a period of 6 months. Total 225 children with UTI were enrolled. Urine culture and sensitivity reports were evaluated and an isolated microorganism along with their sensitivities to the mentioned drugs was entered through designed Performa. Results: - The average age of the children was 7±.18 years. Common bacteriological agents leading to UTI was E.Coli (59.1%), followed by  Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%),  klebsiella (13.8%) , stapylococcus aureus (8.9%) and enterococcus (4%). Most common organism isolated was E.coli ( 133 cultures). It was fully resistant with amoxicillin clavulanate and ofloxacin (100%), while resistant pattern with other antibiotics, ceftriaxone (88.7%), imipenam (88.7%), ciprofloxacin (75.9%). the most effective antibiotic for E.coli was amikacin (81.2%). klebisella was isolated in 31 cultures. Conclusion: Most common organism that cause UTI was E.coli followed by Pseudomonas Aeroginosa and Klebsiella. These isolates were highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore new antibiotics policy should be adopted to treat these infections

Bacteriological Spectrum of Pediatric Urinary Tract Infection and Its Drug Sensitivity and Resistance Pattern

Introduction: - Urinary tract infection (UTI) is common infection in children. It has high morbidity and long term sequelae. Objective: To determine the frequency of bacteriological organism of Pediatric UTI and its drug sensitivity and resistance pattern and to improve the treatment of UTI according to culture sensitivity, hence to minimize the resistance pattern and disease burden. Material and methods: It was a descriptive cross sectional study conducted during 2018 over a period of 6 months. Total 225 children with UTI were enrolled. Urine culture and sensitivity reports were evaluated and an isolated microorganism along with their sensitivities to the mentioned drugs was entered through designed Performa. Results: - The average age of the children was 7±.18 years. Common bacteriological agents leading to UTI was E.Coli (59.1%), followed by  Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.2%),  klebsiella (13.8%) , stapylococcus aureus (8.9%) and enterococcus (4%). Most common organism isolated was E.coli ( 133 cultures). It was fully resistant with amoxicillin clavulanate and ofloxacin (100%), while resistant pattern with other antibiotics, ceftriaxone (88.7%), imipenam (88.7%), ciprofloxacin (75.9%). the most effective antibiotic for E.coli was amikacin (81.2%). klebisella was isolated in 31 cultures. Conclusion: Most common organism that cause UTI was E.coli followed by Pseudomonas Aeroginosa and Klebsiella. These isolates were highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore new antibiotics policy should be adopted to treat these infections

Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing The Effect Of Oral Rehydration Therapy With And Without Racecadotril In The Management Of Acute Diarrhea In Children

ABSTRACT Objective: This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effect of racecadotril in children with acute diarrheal illness. Methods: This randomized case-control study was conducted at Watim General Hospital over four months from April to July 2023. A total of 120 children aged 3 months to 12 years with acute diarrhoea were included and randomly allocated to two groups. Group A (n=60) received standard treatment with oral rehydration therapy, while Group B (n=60) received oral rehydration therapy, zinc, probiotics, and racecadotril. The primary outcome measured was the mean duration of illness, and the secondary outcome was the number of stools 48 hours after the start of treatment. Data were collected using a pre-designed proforma and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results: The study population had an average age of 50.35±41.52 months, with equal gender distribution. The mean duration of illness in Group A was 2.72±1.34 days, while in Group B, it was 2.70±1.29 days. There was no statistically significant difference in the mean duration of illness between the two groups (p=0.945). Conclusion: This study did not demonstrate a significant reduction in the mean duration of illness for children with acute gastroenteritis using standard treatment with or without racecadotril. Further investigations and large-scale studies may be needed to establish the efficacy of racecadotril in the management of acute diarrhoea in children

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Association of Mortality-Related Risk Factors in Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study

COVID-19 is a rapidly disseminating infectious disease conferred by the World Health Organization (WHO) as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics data have been identified for patients with COVID-19, but mortality-related risk factors and a comprehensive clinical course of disease in a developing country have not been specifically defined. This retrospective, single-center cohort study involved all successive inpatients having a positive COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with deceased or discharged clinical outcomes from 1 January to 10 May 2021. Data were extracted from electronic medical records on demographic, clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings as well as complications faced and treatment provided during follow-up, involving serial samples for viral RNA identification, and compared between the dead and survivors. To investigate the risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality, we employed the multivariate logistic regression model. In this study, 2048 patients were involved, 1458 of whom were discharged, and 590 died in hospital. More than half of patients were identified as male with old age being the potential risk factor of mortality. Exactly 94.8% of all patients presented with fever at the time of admission. Several comorbidities were present in the study population, with the most frequent comorbidity being cardiovascular diseases (1177 of 2048) and hypertension (975 of 2048) followed by cerebrovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. Mortality rates for infected patients were observed as higher in severe patients (46.3%) compared with non-severe cases (26.1%) during a follow-up. Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant association of in-hospital mortality of patients with older age, presence of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases as underlying comorbidities, increased level of cardiac troponin I and d-dimer concentration on admission, as well as septicemia and ARDS as a complication during illness. To minimize the risk of death in COVID19 patients, as well as the risk of severe complications, urgent public health measures should be properly planned and implemented on those vulnerable populations. To detect early manifestations of clinical problems, thorough and regular follow-up is warranted

Deep Multi-Scale Features Fusion for Effective Violence Detection and Control Charts Visualization

The study of automated video surveillance systems study using computer vision techniques is a hot research topic and has been deployed in many real-world CCTV environments. The main focus of the current systems is higher accuracy, while the assistance of surveillance experts in effective data analysis and instant decision making using efficient computer vision algorithms need researchers’ attentions. In this research, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to introduce a process control technique: control charts for surveillance video data analysis. The control charts concept is merged with a novel deep learning-based violence detection framework. Different from the existing methods, the proposed technique considers the importance of spatial information, as well as temporal representations of the input video data, to detect human violence. The spatial information are fused with the temporal dimension of the deep learning model using a multi-scale strategy to ensure that the temporal information are properly assisted by the spatial representations at multi-levels. The proposed frameworks’ results are kept in the history-maintaining module of the control charts to validate the level of risks involved in the live input surveillance video. The detailed experimental results over the existing datasets and the real-world video data demonstrate that the proposed approach is a prominent solution towards automated surveillance with the pre- and post-analyses of violent events